7.14 d. Colfax Massacre
In 1873 white Louisianans responded to Reconstruction policies with violence, resulting in a massacre that claimed as many as 150 lives.
7th Grade Social Studies Resources
7th Grade Index
7.14 d. White League
A paramilitary organization aligned with the Democratic Party, the White League played a central role in the overthrow of Republican rule and intimidation of African Americans in Louisiana during Reconstruction.
7.14 e. Carpetbaggers and Scalawags
“Carpetbagger” and “scalawag” were derogatory terms used to describe white Republicans from the North or southern-born radicals during Reconstruction.
7.14 f. C. C. Antoine
Caesar Carpentier “C. C.” Antoine served as Louisiana’s lieutenant governor from 1873 to 1877.
7.14 f. P. B. S. Pinchback
After serving as a Union officer in the Civil War, P. B. S. Pinchback became the first Black governor in the United States.
7.14 f. Oscar Dunn
Oscar James Dunn became one of the first Black men in the United States to serve in an executive political position when he was elected lieutenant governor of Louisiana in 1868.
7.8 h. Louisiana Purchase and Territorial Louisiana
This entry covers the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 and the period of territorial governance that followed until Louisiana became a state in 1812.
7.8 h. Dunbar-Hunter Expedition
Thomas Jefferson commissioned the Dunbar-Hunter Expedition to explore and document the lower regions of the Louisiana Territory.
7.9 b., d. Battle of New Orleans
The Battle of New Orleans, the last major conflict in the War of 1812, was fought between British and American forces on January 8, 1815.
7.9 d, 7.10 m. Free People of Color from the Early American Period through the Civil War
After the Louisiana Purchase, lawmakers passed numerous restrictions against free people of color, though they still experienced some economic gains and opportunities.
7.9 d. Jean and Pierre Laffite
Two French brothers notorious for smuggling and slave trading also participated in the Battle of New Orleans.
7.9 e. Neutral Strip
The Neutral Strip existed outside the governance of either the United States or Spain until 1821.
